Complex adaptive systems

Complex adaptive systems are said to be the special cases of complex systems. They are regarded as complex in the sense that they are diverse and are made of multiple interconnected elements. They are adaptive mainly because of their competence to change and learn from experience. The term was coined at the interdisciplinary Santa Fe Institute and it ideas and models are considered essentially evolutionary. They stress more on the modern biological views on adaptation and evolution. The introduction of this theory bridges developments of the system theory assisted by the ideas of generalized Darwinism.